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对小学课本太过简单甚至“弱智”的反思(1)

  • 2026-06-08 03:25:14
对小学课本太过简单甚至“弱智”的反思(1)
民国初期，语文教材全部采用白话文。1917年白话文运动兴起，受其影响，1920年1月北京政府教育部发布文件，规定初小的国文教材尤其是低年级教材要用白话文编写。此后，小学语文教材选白话文渐成主流。如叶圣陶即白话文的积极倡导者，所编《开明国语课本》彻底贯彻了白话文这一原则。与传统语文教育相比，课文的内容变得非常简单。这套小学教材重视儿童情趣，“儿童本位”思想明确，教材投儿童所好，大量使用拟人化的故事，“小狗、小猫、小羊、小牛、小马”成为课文的主角，当时的各种白话文的小学课本内容都非常简单。如学部图书局《简易识字课本》第37课，内容才是“关门 开窗 挂帐 卷帘”，第89课才是“夏雨初晴 稻田水满 男子插秧 女子送饭”。商务印书馆的《初等小学国文教科书》第14课是“青草红花 池草青 山花红”，这与传统语文教育的差别真是太大了。
当时的一些学人受到欧美的儿童中心论的影响，主张语文课本应能够理解和让儿童喜欢。因此，就需要编写这些内容简单的课文。但这其实是一种误解。因为儿童未必喜欢这种过于简单的“课文”。如周汝昌（1918年4月14日—2012年5月31日，被誉为“红学泰斗”，古典诗文研究家，诗人，书法家）读小学时，就很反感简单的白话文，而喜欢有难度的文言文。他回忆当时的情况时这样说：“且说我一入小学，就读的是‘国文’。”“第一课‘课文’是：‘人、刀、尺’三个大字。这‘教材’有‘意义’吗？……除了是‘笔划[画]最少’，实在太没意思了。”而到了高小，“换用了世界书局的国文课本，效果立显不同了。这儿所选的历代短篇名作精品，都是‘文言’了，从《苛政猛于虎》到《岳阳楼记》，从《秋声赋》到《病梅馆记》……还有《祭妹文》……体制风格，文采情操，极为丰富美好。没有单一感（千篇一律的文风气味，语式口吻……），没有说教性，篇篇打动心弦，引人入胜。学童们一拿起这种新课本，面有惊奇色，也有喜色，他们并没有喊这可太难了’，也绝没有‘奈何’之叹，更不见愁眉苦脸之态。这是引人深思的”。
周汝昌认为，编写那种过于简单的课本教材者，是不大懂得学童的智力特点的，也不懂孩子语文的本能发展要求，“只从成人的“想当然’而把这最重要的奠基教育看得那么简单乏味”。
周汝昌说到，儿童不喜欢过于简单的课文，反而对有难度的课文感兴趣，这是很有道理的。这里有个重要的问题：我们往往认为，学生对学习内容没有兴趣，是因为学生对其不理解，理解了才会有兴趣；内容难，没有兴趣，简单了才有兴趣。但实际上，学习内容简单反而没有兴趣。对学生来说，不是太懂的内容才容易产生兴趣。对此，童庆炳有深人的分析：
我们认为目前的教材，包括新编的小学语文教材，都低估了小学生起步时候的语文能力。开头的课文总是什么“来，来，来，来上学”之类，写字训练也总是从“人、手、刀、牛、羊”开始，实际上现在的小学生在入学之前已经有了一个幼儿园阶段，孩子们在幼儿园里已经学会了许多知识，也有了一定的语文能力。因此小学的语文教材起点要提高，不需要编那些太浅显的顺口溜之类。
可能有人会说，在现在，让孩子们去读那些古典的作品，与现代生活失去联系，他们会感到枯燥，引不起学习的兴趣。这种看法看似有理，其实未必。学习的对象与现实的距离太近，就可能落入所谓自动化的“套板反应”，那才会令孩子们感到枯燥乏味。例如，一个期待了很久要开始学习生活的一年级小学生，如果他第一次端坐在教室里上他的第一次语文课，结果老师教给他的是“来，来，来，来上学，大家来上学”，他会觉得兴味盎然吗？
他放学了，回到家，爸爸或妈妈问他：你今天学习了什么呢？他一定会觉得很难张口，因为“来，来，来……”这句话让他觉得太没有劲了，学习内容与他入学前的期待相去甚远。他觉得他已经上学了，已经是“大人”了，可以开始进入“学问”的门槛，可在学校里学到的第一句话，却是让他感到没有“学问”，让他有点泄气，甚至有一种失败感。他不愿跟他的爸爸或妈妈重复这句没劲的话。
假如小学一年级教材的第一句是孔子的“已所不欲，勿施于人”，那么孩子们就觉得一跨入学校的门槛，就与现实的世界不一样，就似乎一下子进入了“学问”的“深处”，他觉得深奥，觉得困难，觉得陌生，觉得不易理解，但同时觉得有意思，有兴趣，有挑战，这会极大地提高他对学校的认识，对学习的认识，极大地提高他学习的积极性。他回到家里，会主动地滔滔不绝地饶有兴味地向爸爸和妈妈讲解“己所不欲，勿施于人”是什么意思，他可能讲得不太清楚，这没有关系，爸爸和妈妈会加入讨论，他终于大体弄明白了这句话是什么意思，觉得学到了一个做人的道理，他觉得他长大了，学习真有意思，学校真有意思，他觉得学习是一场挑战，要憋足劲儿来应对这场挑战，以便向学习进军。事情难道不是这样吗？
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001050s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=c_sjds;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.002153s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000864s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000809s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001481s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000737s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001586s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 468430 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001705s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1781072551 WHERE `id` = 468430 [ RunTime:0.017936s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000856s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468430 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003530s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 468430 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001206s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468430 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.004134s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468430 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.004894s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468430 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.011039s ]
0.253993s