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对小学课本中“废话文学”的反思(2)

  • 2026-06-05 06:46:47
对小学课本中“废话文学”的反思(2)
许多学人对当时自己所读的那些过于简单和简陋的白话文课文都有批评。如刘锡庆回忆自己读小学时说：“那些一般的‘白话文’，除了《来来来，来上学》因为是入学后的第一课，又有点押韵、好记外，其他的都学过些什么，真的连一点儿也记不得了！由此我感到：白话课文，实在是太“水’了，不是记不住就是记住了也没有什么意义，因为它本身的‘含金量’太低了，不能终身受用——整个小学六年，所有“课文’除了完成“识字’任务外，大多淡忘了，它不能作为“文化积淀’存留下来以长期使用，这真是一种智力开发上的极大浪费！”
孙绍振（福建师范大学文学院资深教授，语文教育家，文学评论家）也有同样的看法：
我小时候是念过这个课本的，总的印象是，一点味道也没有，白开水，几乎全是废话，有些还是傻话。如第一课，我至今还背得上：“学生入校，先生曰：‘来此何事？'学生曰：‘来此读书。’先生曰：‘善，人不读书不能成人。’”还有一是：“喜鹊叫，客人到，妈妈去买面，面上一块肉，客人吃了点点头。”全是些弱智的昏话。我当时调皮，在背给老师听的时候，后面加了一句：“这是一个贪吃的客人。”总的说来，我当时读这样的课本的感觉是，语言平淡，大白话，一点童趣，一点想象力都没有，没有起码的精彩，不能满足我的求知欲。一些头脑冬烘的专家把它吹得天花乱坠，其实，水平很低。我只花了一两天，就把一本书的课文全背上了，不到两个月，我就背上了八册。
所有这些加起来，留在我印象中的，还不如妈妈让我背的启蒙诗歌：如，最初教识字（一二三四五六七八九十），妈妈教的是：“一去二三里，烟村四五家，楼台六七座，八九十枝花。”教春夏秋冬的是:“春游芳草地，夏赏绿荷池，秋饮黄花酒，冬吟白雪诗。”还有，让我觉得感动的是：“昨日入城市，归来泪满巾。遍身罗绮者，不是养蚕人。”更深一点的是：“寒夜客来茶当酒,付炉汤沸火初红。寻常一样窗前月，才有梅花便不同。”读了这样的诗，再读那些课本上的“开学了，开学了，学校门前国旗飘，看见先生敬个礼，看见同学问声好”，便觉得，读这完全是废话。
孙绍振对当时白话课文的评价，很尖锐，有杀伤力，却又完全符合实际。这样的课文，确实是废话。不难看出，上面的那些课文，是低于儿童的心智水平的。儿童学习这些课文，对自己的心智能力的提高，没有任何意义。
民国时期，有一些家长，就是因为语文课本太过简单，而对学校语文教育失去了信任，甚至不让孩子到学校读书。如语言学家朱德熙只上了半天小学，之后一直是在家学习的。他的夫人何孔敬就此说道：“1926年，德熙该上学了，到家附近的一所小学报了名。开学那天，由娘姨陪了到学校，领回两本书：一本国文，一本算术。同住一院的四叔，把孩子的国文掀开，看到第一页上写的是：“小猫叫，小狗跳。”不禁升起无名之火，怒气冲冲地说：“这叫什么课文，简直是误人子弟、狗屁不通的话。鲁滨这学，我看不去的好，在家我来教他好了。”德熙只上了半天小学，领回来两本书，就在家里跟随四叔念文言古书了。”
朱德熙的情况并非个例。当时有相当一部分家庭是这样做的。霍松林回忆说：“三四岁时，父亲就教我认字、读书了。等我到了入学年龄，他已不再教私塾。村里有一所初小，教员兼校长是他的学生。父亲认为这位校长是自己学生中最差的一个，以其昏昏，不可能使人昭昭。还有，父亲从那所小学旁经过，听到娃娃们齐声朗读“大狗叫，小狗跳’，十分反感。他认为，童年记忆力很强，应该熟读一些经典，终生受用无穷。因此，他坚决不让我上那所“洋学堂”，而是在家里亲自教我读古书。”
朱德熙和霍松林是退学，而季羡林是转学。他回忆自己读小学的情况：“我是季家唯一的传宗接代的人。我上过大概一年的私塾，就进了新式的小学校，济南一师附小。一切都比较顺利。五四运动波及了山东。一师校长是新派人物，首先采用了白话文教科书。国文教科书中有一篇寓言，名叫《阿拉伯的骆驼》，故事讲的是得寸进尺，是国际上流行的。无巧不成书，这一篇课文偏偏让叔父看到了，他勃然变色，大声喊道：‘骆驼怎么能说话呀！这简直是胡闹！赶快转学！于是我就转到了新育小学。”
另有一些家长不是这样极端。他们采取的方式是，让孩子在学校学习，并在家给孩子补文言文的课。如宋史专家徐规回忆说，他幼年入鹤浦小学学习，同时在父亲指导下，“课余熟读《千家诗》《唐诗三百首》《四书集注》《古文观止》等书；点读《御批通鉴辑览》，日写大字数纸，寒暑不辍；闲暇时，浏览《水浒》《三国》《红楼》《西游》《聊斋》等小说”。著名古代园林专家陈从周十岁进入一所美国人开的教会小学上学，他母亲为了让他有中文功底，将他托付给一位老先生，让他学习古文。每天放学后要读古文，陈从周将这种学习生活叫作“洋学堂外加半私塾”。还有一些家长是让自己的孩子上洋学堂与读私塾交错。如王运熙五六岁时，他的父亲即教他读唐诗；后来上了小学，但小学毕业之后，父亲又让他留在家中，指导他重点学习古文。他用四五年时间先后读了《四书》《史记》《左传》《诗经》《楚辞》《古文观止》等古书。
由此，我们不难看到，直至民国时期，私塾、家塾仍然指导学生阅读和背诵文言文，这是有深刻道理的。儿童及少年时期的文言文学习，是一种很重要的经历。若他们只是学习了白话文，那能否有后来的成就，就难说了。
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000552s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=c_sjds;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000823s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.021088s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000841s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000583s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000205s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000571s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 468463 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000422s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1781065777 WHERE `id` = 468463 [ RunTime:0.010396s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001527s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468463 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000498s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 468463 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001005s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468463 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.002904s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468463 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.001258s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 468463 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.012918s ]
0.125056s