当前位置：首页>小学教材>资源 | 德国小学-中学德语课本(全彩共15册)

资源 | 德国小学-中学德语课本(全彩共15册)

  • 2026-03-23 14:04:41
资源 | 德国小学-中学德语课本(全彩共15册)

第一次领取资源的同学，直接添加文末小助手领取，如果是第2、3...N次领取，辛苦转发文章到微信朋友圈集1个赞给小助手领取哦（你的支持是小助手花时间找资源的最大动力，danke~)

如何领取

添加小助手微信免费领取，添加时请备注：“课本”

今天和大家分享的德语学习资源，是德国小学-中学德语原版全彩教材，共15册。（包含小学6册，中学9册）。

小学阶段的教材中不仅教授了德语入门的基础知识，还融入了德国社会文化科普。在带领各位日语初学者轻松愉快地入门的同时，还能增加大家对德国教育体系的了解，帮助学习者提高德语阅读和理解能力。

中学阶段的教材主要通过阅读理解、词汇扩展和文法训练，帮助学生打下坚实的语言学习基础。

部分资料展示

如何领取

添加小助手微信免费领取，添加时请备注：“课本”

  

▼点击“阅读原文”，了解德语畅学卡畅听权益。德语0-C1|口语中高级|原版小说精读|添加小助手微信好友【deyu005】咨询、报名、领取讲义。
本文来自网友投稿或网络内容，如有侵犯您的权益请联系我们删除，联系邮箱：wyl860211@qq.com 。

初中教材全解,八年级(英语)下,电子版可下载.

2026春外研版初中英语新教材七年级下册电子教材课本+单词表(高清版可下载)

最新文章

随机文章

基本 文件 流程 错误 SQL 调试
  1. 请求信息 : 2026-04-07 11:52:30 HTTP/2.0 GET : https://c.sjds.net/a/460500.html
  2. 运行时间 : 0.112479s [ 吞吐率：8.89req/s ] 内存消耗：4,378.26kb 文件加载：140
  3. 缓存信息 : 0 reads,0 writes
  4. 会话信息 : SESSION_ID=d1c5fa528d1d7c9835f458cd01715a79
  1. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/public/index.php ( 0.79 KB )
  2. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/autoload.php ( 0.17 KB )
  3. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/composer/autoload_real.php ( 2.49 KB )
  4. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/composer/platform_check.php ( 0.90 KB )
  5. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/composer/ClassLoader.php ( 14.03 KB )
  6. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/composer/autoload_static.php ( 4.90 KB )
  7. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/helper.php ( 8.34 KB )
  8. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-validate/src/helper.php ( 2.19 KB )
  9. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/helper.php ( 1.47 KB )
  10. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/stubs/load_stubs.php ( 0.16 KB )
  11. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Exception.php ( 1.69 KB )
  12. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-container/src/Facade.php ( 2.71 KB )
  13. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/symfony/deprecation-contracts/function.php ( 0.99 KB )
  14. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap.php ( 8.26 KB )
  15. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php ( 9.78 KB )
  16. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/symfony/var-dumper/Resources/functions/dump.php ( 1.49 KB )
  17. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-dumper/src/helper.php ( 0.18 KB )
  18. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/symfony/var-dumper/VarDumper.php ( 4.30 KB )
  19. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/App.php ( 15.30 KB )
  20. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-container/src/Container.php ( 15.76 KB )
  21. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/psr/container/src/ContainerInterface.php ( 1.02 KB )
  22. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/provider.php ( 0.19 KB )
  23. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Http.php ( 6.04 KB )
  24. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/helper/Str.php ( 7.29 KB )
  25. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Env.php ( 4.68 KB )
  26. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/common.php ( 0.03 KB )
  27. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/helper.php ( 18.78 KB )
  28. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Config.php ( 5.54 KB )
  29. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/app.php ( 0.95 KB )
  30. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/cache.php ( 0.78 KB )
  31. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/console.php ( 0.23 KB )
  32. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/cookie.php ( 0.56 KB )
  33. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/database.php ( 2.48 KB )
  34. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Env.php ( 1.67 KB )
  35. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/filesystem.php ( 0.61 KB )
  36. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/lang.php ( 0.91 KB )
  37. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/log.php ( 1.35 KB )
  38. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/middleware.php ( 0.19 KB )
  39. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/route.php ( 1.89 KB )
  40. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/session.php ( 0.57 KB )
  41. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/trace.php ( 0.34 KB )
  42. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/config/view.php ( 0.82 KB )
  43. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/event.php ( 0.25 KB )
  44. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Event.php ( 7.67 KB )
  45. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/service.php ( 0.13 KB )
  46. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/AppService.php ( 0.26 KB )
  47. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Service.php ( 1.64 KB )
  48. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Lang.php ( 7.35 KB )
  49. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/lang/zh-cn.php ( 13.70 KB )
  50. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/initializer/Error.php ( 3.31 KB )
  51. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/initializer/RegisterService.php ( 1.33 KB )
  52. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/services.php ( 0.14 KB )
  53. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/service/PaginatorService.php ( 1.52 KB )
  54. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/service/ValidateService.php ( 0.99 KB )
  55. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/service/ModelService.php ( 2.04 KB )
  56. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Service.php ( 0.77 KB )
  57. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Middleware.php ( 6.72 KB )
  58. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/initializer/BootService.php ( 0.77 KB )
  59. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/Paginator.php ( 11.86 KB )
  60. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-validate/src/Validate.php ( 63.20 KB )
  61. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/Model.php ( 23.55 KB )
  62. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/model/concern/Attribute.php ( 21.05 KB )
  63. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/model/concern/AutoWriteData.php ( 4.21 KB )
  64. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/model/concern/Conversion.php ( 6.44 KB )
  65. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/model/concern/DbConnect.php ( 5.16 KB )
  66. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/model/concern/ModelEvent.php ( 2.33 KB )
  67. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/model/concern/RelationShip.php ( 28.29 KB )
  68. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/contract/Arrayable.php ( 0.09 KB )
  69. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/contract/Jsonable.php ( 0.13 KB )
  70. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/model/contract/Modelable.php ( 0.09 KB )
  71. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Db.php ( 2.88 KB )
  72. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/DbManager.php ( 8.52 KB )
  73. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Log.php ( 6.28 KB )
  74. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Manager.php ( 3.92 KB )
  75. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/psr/log/src/LoggerTrait.php ( 2.69 KB )
  76. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/psr/log/src/LoggerInterface.php ( 2.71 KB )
  77. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Cache.php ( 4.92 KB )
  78. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/psr/simple-cache/src/CacheInterface.php ( 4.71 KB )
  79. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/helper/Arr.php ( 16.63 KB )
  80. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/cache/driver/File.php ( 7.84 KB )
  81. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/cache/Driver.php ( 9.03 KB )
  82. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/CacheHandlerInterface.php ( 1.99 KB )
  83. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/Request.php ( 0.09 KB )
  84. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Request.php ( 55.78 KB )
  85. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/middleware.php ( 0.25 KB )
  86. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Pipeline.php ( 2.61 KB )
  87. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/TraceDebug.php ( 3.40 KB )
  88. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/middleware/SessionInit.php ( 1.94 KB )
  89. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Session.php ( 1.80 KB )
  90. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/session/driver/File.php ( 6.27 KB )
  91. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/SessionHandlerInterface.php ( 0.87 KB )
  92. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/session/Store.php ( 7.12 KB )
  93. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Route.php ( 23.73 KB )
  94. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/RuleName.php ( 5.75 KB )
  95. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Domain.php ( 2.53 KB )
  96. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/RuleGroup.php ( 22.43 KB )
  97. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Rule.php ( 26.95 KB )
  98. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/RuleItem.php ( 9.78 KB )
  99. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/route/app.php ( 1.72 KB )
  100. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/Route.php ( 4.70 KB )
  101. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/dispatch/Controller.php ( 4.74 KB )
  102. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/route/Dispatch.php ( 10.44 KB )
  103. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/controller/Index.php ( 4.81 KB )
  104. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/app/BaseController.php ( 2.05 KB )
  105. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/facade/Db.php ( 0.93 KB )
  106. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/connector/Mysql.php ( 5.44 KB )
  107. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/PDOConnection.php ( 52.47 KB )
  108. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/Connection.php ( 8.39 KB )
  109. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/ConnectionInterface.php ( 4.57 KB )
  110. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/builder/Mysql.php ( 16.58 KB )
  111. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/Builder.php ( 24.06 KB )
  112. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/BaseBuilder.php ( 27.50 KB )
  113. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/Query.php ( 15.71 KB )
  114. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/BaseQuery.php ( 45.13 KB )
  115. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TimeFieldQuery.php ( 7.43 KB )
  116. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/AggregateQuery.php ( 3.26 KB )
  117. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ModelRelationQuery.php ( 20.07 KB )
  118. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ParamsBind.php ( 3.66 KB )
  119. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/ResultOperation.php ( 7.01 KB )
  120. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/WhereQuery.php ( 19.37 KB )
  121. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/JoinAndViewQuery.php ( 7.11 KB )
  122. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/TableFieldInfo.php ( 2.63 KB )
  123. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-orm/src/db/concern/Transaction.php ( 2.77 KB )
  124. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/driver/File.php ( 5.96 KB )
  125. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/LogHandlerInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  126. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/log/Channel.php ( 3.89 KB )
  127. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/event/LogRecord.php ( 1.02 KB )
  128. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-helper/src/Collection.php ( 16.47 KB )
  129. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/facade/View.php ( 1.70 KB )
  130. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/View.php ( 4.39 KB )
  131. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Response.php ( 8.81 KB )
  132. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/response/View.php ( 3.29 KB )
  133. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/Cookie.php ( 6.06 KB )
  134. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-view/src/Think.php ( 8.38 KB )
  135. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/framework/src/think/contract/TemplateHandlerInterface.php ( 1.60 KB )
  136. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/Template.php ( 46.61 KB )
  137. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/driver/File.php ( 2.41 KB )
  138. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-template/src/template/contract/DriverInterface.php ( 0.86 KB )
  139. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/runtime/temp/4b635f01740da80a68ecf76597ee81b6.php ( 12.06 KB )
  140. /yingpanguazai/ssd/ssd1/www/c.sjds.net/vendor/topthink/think-trace/src/Html.php ( 4.42 KB )
  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000621s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=c_sjds;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001093s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000362s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000295s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000628s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000241s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000746s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 460500 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003892s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1775533950 WHERE `id` = 460500 [ RunTime:0.007201s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000250s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460500 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000463s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 460500 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001199s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460500 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.004729s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460500 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.020704s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 460500 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.004153s ]
0.114081s